Self-help mobile messaging intervention for depression among older adults in resource-limited settings: a randomized controlled trial.

Scalable solutions to treat depression in older adults in low-resourced settings are urgently needed. The PRODIGITAL-D pragmatic, single-blind, two-arm, individually randomized controlled trial assessed the effectiveness of a mobile messaging psychosocial intervention in improving depressive symptomatology among older adults in socioeconomically deprived areas of Guarulhos, Brazil. Older adults (aged 60+ years) registered with 24 primary care clinics and identified with depressive symptomatology (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores ≥ 10) received the 6-week Viva Vida intervention based on psychoeducation and behavioral activation (n = 298) or a single message (n = 305). No health professional support was offered. The primary outcome was improvement from depressive symptomatology (PHQ-9 < 10) at 3 months. Of the 603 participants enrolled (mean age = 65.1 years; 451 (74.8%) women), 527 (87.4%) completed the follow-up assessment. In the intervention arm, 109 of 257 (42.4%) participants had an improved depressive symptomatology, compared with 87 of 270 (32.2%) participants in the control arm (adjusted odds ratio = 1.57; 95% confidence interval = 1.07-2.29; P = 0.019). No severe adverse events related to trial participation were observed. These results demonstrate the usefulness of a digital messaging psychosocial intervention in the short-term improvement from depressive symptomatology that can potentially be integrated into primary care programs for treating older adults with depression. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials registration: ReBEC ( RBR-4c94dtn ).

Digital psychosocial intervention for depression among older adults in socioeconomically deprived areas in Brazil (PRODIGITAL-D): protocol for an individually randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Depression in older adults is a challenge for health systems in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Digital strategies for the management of this condition have been emerging worldwide, but the effectiveness of most of them is still unclear, especially among older adults. Thus, we aim to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a digital psychosocial intervention to treat depression among older adults living in socioeconomically deprived areas in Guarulhos, Brazil. METHODS: We will conduct a two-arm individually randomised controlled trial with 1:1 allocation ratio. Five hundred older adults aged 60 years or over with depressive symptomatology (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire score, PHQ-9 ≥ 10) and registered with one of the primary care clinics will be recruited to participate in this study. A 6-week digital psychosocial programme, named Viva Vida, will be delivered via WhatsApp to participants allocated to the intervention arm. The Viva Vida will send psychoeducational and behavioural activation audio and visual messages 4 days a week for 6 weeks. The control arm will only receive a single message with general information about depression. The primary outcome will be the proportion of depression recovery (PHQ-9 < 10) assessed at 3 months. The cost-effectiveness of the intervention will be assessed at 5 months. A detailed process evaluation will be used to explore context and important implementation outcomes. DISCUSSION: This programme was based on the PROACTIVE intervention and designed to be delivered without face-to-face contact. If effective, it could be a simple treatment option, appropriate not only when social distancing is required, but it could also be included as a regular public health programme to initiate depression treatment, particularly in LMICs where resources allocated to mental health are scarce. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC), RBR-4c94dtn. Registered on 22 October 2021 (submitted on 03 August 2021).

Patient Factors Associated with Pharmaceutical Interventions for Inpatients at a Brazilian Teaching Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Pharmaceutical interventions aim to correct or prevent a drug-related problem (DRP) that might lead to negative clinical consequences and increase health care costs. OBJECTIVE: To identify variables associated with the provision of pharmaceutical interventions by clinical pharmacists during hospitalization. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, adult inpatients of the medical ward of the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo in São Paulo, Brazil, were followed from admission to discharge. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between occurrence of at least 1 pharmaceutical intervention and the following baseline characteristics: sex, age, Charlson comorbidity index, renal failure, electrolyte imbalance, hemoglobin, platelet count, and use of a nasoenteric tube, as well as the number, second-level Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) code, and administration route of prescribed medications. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients were included in the study, of whom 75 (50.7%) were men. The mean age was 62.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] 59.9-65.8) years, and the mean length of the hospital stay was 10.7 (95% CI 8.4-13.1) days. Analgesics (ATC code N02), the most common type of medication, were prescribed to 144 (97.3%) of the patients. Pharmaceutical interventions were performed for only 49 (33.1%) of the patients. One out of every 4 of these interventions was intended to obtain information not provided in the prescription, to allow the prescription to be completed and dispensing to proceed. According to the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio (OR) of occurrence of at least 1 pharmaceutical intervention increased for patients with electrolyte imbalance (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.09-6.63; p = 0.033), patients using 5 to 8 medications (OR 8.73, 95% CI 1.07-71.36; p = 0.043), patients using 9 or more medications (OR 10.39, 95% CI 1.28-84.05; p = 0.028), and patients using at least 1 systemic antibacterial (ATC code J01; OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.30-5.84; p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study could allow the identification, at the time of admission and possibly before the occurrence of a DRP, of patients at higher risk of requiring a pharmaceutical intervention later during their hospital stay. To optimize patient care, clinical pharmacists should closely follow inpatients with electrolyte imbalance, polypharmacy, and/or use of systemic antibacterials.

CONTEXTE: Les interventions pharmaceutiques visent à corriger ou à prévenir un problème lié aux drogues (PLD), qui pourrait entraîner des conséquences cliniques négatives et accroître les coûts des soins de santé. OBJECTIF: Déterminer les variables associées aux interventions pharmaceutiques des pharmaciens cliniques lors d'une hospitalisation. MÉTHODES: Dans cette étude de cohorte rétrospective, les patients adultes hospitalisés au Service de médecine de l'Hôpital universitaire de São Paulo au Brésil ont été suivis dès leur admission et jusqu'à leur sortie. Des modèles de régression logistique ont été utilisés pour évaluer l'association entre au moins une intervention pharmaceutique et les caractéristiques de base suivantes : sexe, âge, indice de comorbidité de Charlson, insuffisance rénale, déséquilibre électrolytique, hémoglobine, numération plaquettaire et utilisation d'un tube nasoentérique, et l'ensemble du groupe a subi une évaluation selon le nombre de médicaments prescrits au deuxième niveau des classifications du Système de classification anatomique thérapeutique chimique (ATC) et leur voie d'administration. RÉSULTATS: Cent-quarante-huit (148) patients ont été inclus dans cette étude; 75 d'entre eux (50,7 %) étaient des hommes. L'âge moyen était de 62,8 ans (95 % intervalle de confiance [IC] 59,9 ­ 65,8), et la durée moyenne du séjour à l'hôpital était de 10,7 jours (95 % IC 8,4 ­ 13,1). Des analgésiques (code ATC N02), type de médicament le plus répandu, ont été prescrits à 144 patients (97,3 %). Seuls 49 patients (33,1 %) ont fait l'objet d'une intervention pharmaceutique. Une de ces interventions sur quatre avait pour but d'obtenir des informations absentes dans la prescription mais indispensables à l'obtention de la validation de la prescription et de l'autorisation de distribution des médicaments. Selon l'analyse multivariée, le rapport de cotes (RC) de la nécessité d'au moins une intervention pharmaceutique augmentait pour les patients ayant un déséquilibre électrolytique (RC 2,68, 95 % IC 1,09 ­ 6,63; p = 0,033), les patients prenant entre cinq et huit médicaments (RC 8,73, 95 % IC 1,07 ­ 71,36; p = 0,043), les patients prenant au moins neuf médicaments (RC 10,39, 95 % IC 1,28 ­ 84,05; p = 0,028) et ceux utilisant au moins un antibactérien systémique (code ATC J01; RC 2,76, 95 % IC 1,30­5,84; p = 0,008). CONCLUSIONS: Les résultats de cette étude pourraient permettre d'identifier, à l'admission à l'hôpital et probablement avant l'apparition d'un PLD, les patients présentant des risques plus élevés, qui pourraient nécessiter une intervention pharmaceutique plus tard lors de leur séjour. Pour optimiser les soins aux patients, les pharmaciens cliniques doivent suivre étroitement les patients hospitalisés ayant un déséquilibre électrolytique, ceux qui nécessitent une polypharmacie et ceux qui utilisent des antibactériens systémiques.

Appropriate knowledge of the indications for medications in use among older individuals assisted in the Jornada Científica dos Acadêmicos de Farmácia-Bioquímica

This study aimed to identify variables associated with the appropriate recall of indications and the drug classes that represented the most unmatching medications (i.e., when the individual who used it had not reported any illness that matched its indications). Community-dwelling individuals aged ≥60 years using ≥1 medication, from Santa Cruz da Esperança-SP, Brazil, were home-interviewed. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between the appropriate recall of the indications for all medications in use and the following: gender, age, education, individual income, living arrangement, self-perceived health, and medication number, administration, payment, and identification. Medications whose indications were inappropriately recalled were classified as matching or unmatching. One hundred seventeen individuals used an average of 5.1 (standard deviation, 3.3) medications. Sixty-one (52.1%) appropriately recalled all indications. The appropriate recall of all indications was negatively associated with the number of medications in use (e.g., individuals taking 5-6 medications were 25 times less likely to appropriately recall all indications than those taking 1-2). Antithrombotic, acid-related disorder and psychoanaleptic classes showed greater frequencies of unmatching than matching medications. Therefore, counseling the elderly about drug indications should focus on those using ≥3 medications and/or antithrombotic, acid-related disorder, and psychoanaleptic agents.

Conhecimento inadequado sobre medicamentos prescritos e seus preditores em pacientes muito idosos e seus cuidadores / Inadequate knowledge of prescription drugs and their predictors in very old patients and their caregivers

Resumo Objetivo Identificar preditores do conhecimento inadequado sobre medicamentos prescritos a pacientes ambulatoriais muito idosos e seus cuidadores. Método O conhecimento sobre os medicamentos prescritos para 80 pacientes com 80 anos ou mais de idade foi avaliado por meio de um questionário validado, em uma entrevista realizada com os pacientes ou seus cuidadores (quando os pacientes apresentavam dificuldades de comunicação, demência ou qualquer necessidade de assistência para ajudá-los a usar medicamentos). Dois modelos de regressão logística hierárquica avaliaram a associação entre conhecimento inadequado sobre medicamentos e variáveis ​​sociodemográficas e medicamentosas. Resultados Trinta e nove (48,8%) entrevistados eram cuidadores. Conhecimento inadequado foi encontrado em 81,5% (404/496) dos medicamentos prescritos. Forma de administração, Dose, Frequência e Duração do Tratamento foram os aspectos de maior conhecimento, enquanto Reações Adversas, Precauções, Interações e Contraindicações, os de menor. No primeiro modelo, o conhecimento inadequado foi associado à escolaridade do ensino fundamental completo ao médio incompleto (Razão de Chances (RC):0,12; p=0,018), do médio ao superior incompleto (RC:0,12; p<0,001), superior completo (RC:0,13; p<0,001), agentes que atuam no sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) (RC:0,30; p=0,001), diuréticos (RC:0,31; p=0,013) e antitrombóticos (RC:12,59; p=0,027). No segundo modelo, os preditores foram cuidadores (RC:0,17; p<0,001), agentes que atuam no SRA (RC:0,33; p=0,002), diuréticos (RC:0,35; p=0,024) e antitrombóticos (RC:12,57; p=0,026). Conclusão A maioria dos medicamentos prescritos para pessoas muito idosas é pouco conhecida. Além disso, o aconselhamento acerca de informações sobre medicamentos deve ser mais intensivo para os pacientes do que para seus cuidadores, com foco em informações de segurança e ser direcionado a antitrombóticos.

Abstract Objective Identify predictors of inadequate knowledge about the medication prescribed to very old outpatients and their caregivers. Method The knowledge on the medication prescribed for 80 patients aged 80 years and over was assessed using a validated questionnaire to interview patients or their caregivers (when patients had communication difficulties, dementia, or any need for care to help them take the medication). Two hierarchical logistic regression models assessed the association between inadequate knowledge of the medication and sociodemographic and drug variables. Results Thirty-nine (48.8%) respondents were caregivers. Inadequate knowledge was found in 81.5% (404/496) of medication prescribed. Route of Administration, Dose, Frequency, and Duration of Treatment were the aspects of greatest knowledge, whereas Adverse Effects, Precautions, Interactions, and Contraindications were the least known ones. In the first model, inadequate knowledge was associated to the level of education from complete elementary school to incomplete high school (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.12; p=0.018), from high school to incomplete higher education (OR: 0.12; p<0.001), complete higher education (OR: 0.13; p<0.001), agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) (OR: 0.30; p=0.001), diuretics (OR: 0.31; p=0.013) and antithrombotic (OR: 12.59; p=0.027). In the second model, the predictors were caregivers (OR: 0.17; p<0.001), agents working in the RAS (OR: 0.33; p=0.002), diuretics (OR: 0.35; p=0.024) and antithrombotic (OR: 12.57; p=0.026). Conclusion Most of the medication prescribed for very old people is not very well known. Also, advice on drug information should be more intensive to patients than to their caregivers, with a focus on safety information and targeted at antithrombotics.

[Validation of the "Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" (CPM-ES-ES) questionnaire]. / Validação do questionário "Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" (CPM-ES-ES).

This work cross-culturally adapted the Spanish questionnaire `Patients' knowledge about their medications ("Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" - CPM-ES-ES) for use in Brazil. It measures the level of medication knowledge by means of 11 questions. Eighty patients ≥ 80 years were investigated and in 39 cases the caregivers were interviewed. The evaluation of conceptual and item equivalences considered the concept of knowledge and the questions that assess it as pertinent. Semantic equivalence was obtained by the correspondence in the denotative and connotative meaning of items. The study of measurement equivalence included factorial analysis and the calculation of validity and reliability estimates. As with the original questionnaire, principal component analysis identified 4 components, however, in 2 of them there were differences regarding included items. One question was removed from this analysis due to its sample inadequacy. Medication knowledge was correlated with medication regimen complexity r = -.22, p = .046. Medication knowledge of antihypertensives was correlated with their adherence r = .70, p < .001, and blood pressure control rb = .46, p = .029. The adapted version revealed functional equivalence, therefore it can be used in the Brazilian context.

Este trabalho adaptou transculturalmente o questionário espanhol "Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" (CPM-ES-ES) para uso no Brasil. Ele mede o grau de conhecimento sobre medicamentos por meio de 11 perguntas. Oitenta pacientes ≥ 80 anos foram investigados e com 39 também foi entrevistado o cuidador. A avaliação das equivalências conceitual e de item considerou o conceito de conhecimento e as perguntas que o medem como pertinentes. A equivalência semântica foi obtida pela correspondência de significado denotativo e conotativo dos itens. O estudo da equivalência de mensuração incluiu análise fatorial e o cálculo de estimativas de validade e confiabilidade. Semelhante ao questionário original, a análise de componentes principais identificou 4 componentes, porém, em 2 deles houve diferenças nos itens incluídos. Uma pergunta foi removida desta análise devido à sua inadequação amostral. O conhecimento sobre medicamentos esteve correlacionado à complexidade da prescrição r = -0,22, p = 0,046. O conhecimento sobre anti-hipertensivos esteve correlacionado à sua adesão r = 0,70, p < 0,001, e ao controle da pressão arterial rb = 0,46, p = 0,029. A versão adaptada apresentou equivalência funcional de modo que pode ser usada no contexto brasileiro.

Validação do questionário "Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" (CPM-ES-ES) / Validation of the "Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" (CPM-ES-ES) questionnaire

Resumo Este trabalho adaptou transculturalmente o questionário espanhol "Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" (CPM-ES-ES) para uso no Brasil. Ele mede o grau de conhecimento sobre medicamentos por meio de 11 perguntas. Oitenta pacientes ≥ 80 anos foram investigados e com 39 também foi entrevistado o cuidador. A avaliação das equivalências conceitual e de item considerou o conceito de conhecimento e as perguntas que o medem como pertinentes. A equivalência semântica foi obtida pela correspondência de significado denotativo e conotativo dos itens. O estudo da equivalência de mensuração incluiu análise fatorial e o cálculo de estimativas de validade e confiabilidade. Semelhante ao questionário original, a análise de componentes principais identificou 4 componentes, porém, em 2 deles houve diferenças nos itens incluídos. Uma pergunta foi removida desta análise devido à sua inadequação amostral. O conhecimento sobre medicamentos esteve correlacionado à complexidade da prescrição r = -0,22, p = 0,046. O conhecimento sobre anti-hipertensivos esteve correlacionado à sua adesão r = 0,70, p < 0,001, e ao controle da pressão arterial rb = 0,46, p = 0,029. A versão adaptada apresentou equivalência funcional de modo que pode ser usada no contexto brasileiro.

Abstract This work cross-culturally adapted the Spanish questionnaire `Patients' knowledge about their medications ("Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" - CPM-ES-ES) for use in Brazil. It measures the level of medication knowledge by means of 11 questions. Eighty patients ≥ 80 years were investigated and in 39 cases the caregivers were interviewed. The evaluation of conceptual and item equivalences considered the concept of knowledge and the questions that assess it as pertinent. Semantic equivalence was obtained by the correspondence in the denotative and connotative meaning of items. The study of measurement equivalence included factorial analysis and the calculation of validity and reliability estimates. As with the original questionnaire, principal component analysis identified 4 components, however, in 2 of them there were differences regarding included items. One question was removed from this analysis due to its sample inadequacy. Medication knowledge was correlated with medication regimen complexity r = -.22, p = .046. Medication knowledge of antihypertensives was correlated with their adherence r = .70, p < .001, and blood pressure control rb = .46, p = .029. The adapted version revealed functional equivalence, therefore it can be used in the Brazilian context.

Factors related to missing and rescheduling pharmaceutical care appointments by aged outpatients in a Brazilian public health setting / Factores relacionados con la pérdida y reprogramación de citas de atención farmacéutica por los pacientes ambulatorio mayores en un servicio brasileño de salud pública

Objectives: To uncover reasons why patients missed pharmaceutical care (PC) appointments, identify predictive factors to miss at least one appointment and to reschedule after a miss, and compare the rescheduling behavior of patients receiving different types of PC. Methods: All elderly patients who had at least one scheduled appointment in the PC service of a health setting of São Paulo city, Brazil, from January to December/2011 were included. Chi-square analysis compared categorical data between groups; multivariate logistic regression models predicted attendance and rescheduling behavior. Results: We identified 421 patients, being 221 (52.5%) non-attenders. Forgetting the appointment was the most common patient-related reason (56.3%). Illiteracy was a risk factor to be a non-attender [OR (95%CI) = 2.27 (1.17:4.40), p = 0.015]. Patients having previous knowledge of the pharmacist presented more chance to rescheduled an appointment after the first miss compared to those who had not [OR (95%CI) = 3.57 (1.90:6.71), p < 0.001]. Further, non-attenders who had knowledge of the pharmacist and received Medication Review with Follow-up rescheduled more than the ones receiving other types of PC (p=0.035). Conclusion: Illiteracy predicted non-attendance in PC to aged outpatients and forgetfulness was the main reason for that. The previous acquaintance of the pharmacist and the provision of pharmaceotherapeutic follow-up explained the rescheduling behavior, which indicates the establishment of a patient-centered patient-pharmacist relationship plays a pivotal role in the continuity of the PC

Objetivos: Descubrir razones por las que los pacientes perdieron la cita en atención farmacéutica (AF), identificar los factores predictivos de perder al menos una cita y reprogramar después de una ausencia, y comparar el comportamiento de reprogramación de los pacientes recibiendo diferentes tipos de AF. Métodos: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes mayores que tenían al menos una cita programada en el servicio de AF de un establecimiento de salud de la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil, de enero a diciembre/2011. Análisis chi-cuadrado comparó datos categóricos entre los grupos; modelos de regresión logística multivariante predijeron el comportamiento de presencia y de reprogramación. Resultados: Se identificaron 421 pacientes, siendo 221 (52,5%) ausentes. El olvido fue el motivo relacionado con el paciente más frecuente (56,3%). El analfabetismo fue un factor de riesgo para ser un ausente [OR (IC95%) = 2,27 (1,17:4,40), p = 0,015]. Los pacientes que tenían conocimiento previo del farmacéutico presentaron más chance de reprogramar una cita después de la primera ausencia en comparación con los que no tenía [OR (IC95%) = 3,57 (1,90:6,71), p < 0,001]. Además, ausentes que tenían conocimiento del farmacéutico y recibieron seguimiento farmacoterapéutico reprogramaron más de los que reciben otros tipos de PC (p=0,035). Conclusión: El analfabetismo predijo ausencia en pacientes ambulatorios mayores bajo PC y el olvido fue la principal razón para eso. El conocimiento previo del farmacéutico y la provisión del seguimiento farmacoterapéutico explicaron el comportamiento de reprogramación, lo que indica que el establecimiento de una relación con el farmacéutico centrada en el paciente juega un papel fundamental en la continuidad de la AF